To fill this gap, the present study conducted a nationwide survey to assess U.S. However, few studies have examined consumers’ food safety knowledge, risk perceptions, and their handling practices associated with fresh-cut produce. Previous studies have shown that three factors influence fresh-cut produce safety from farm to fork: (1) post-harvest practices in processing facilities, (2) employees’ handling practices in retail facilities, and (3) consumers’ handling practices in domestic kitchens or cooking facilities. More importantly, these results effectively demonstrate the significance of personal traits in the formation of users' privacy perceptions. All of the aforementioned can serve as a guide for App providers as they optimize the features of their products and services, implement the necessary privacy protections to alleviate users' privacy concern, and boost users' trust belief. Additionally, prior negative experience will trigger an individual's privacy concern, which in turn hinders their willingness to authorize his/her information. Respectively, Agreeableness and Neuroticism affect users' trust positively and negatively. Just as Extraversion and Agreeableness would make someone pay a heightened attention to the benefits, agreeable, neurotic, and conscientious users are more easily stimulated by privacy concern. The findings demonstrate that App users' perceived benefits and trust have a positive impact on their privacy authorization intention, whereas privacy concerns negatively affect their disclosure willingness. We employed a questionnaire to collect 455 users' data, and the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. Simultaneously, the links between prior negative experience and privacy concern as well as the final authorizing willingness were uncovered. It investigates the implications of each component of privacy costs, privacy advantages, and trust on users' willingness to authorize their information, and explores how the five personality traits affect App users' perceived benefits, privacy concern, and trust. The results of the study are not only informative for destination tourism risk management and image promotion but also important for tourists to form more reasonable risk assessments.īy integrating the extended privacy calculus theory with the Big Five personality theory, this research proposes and validates a conceptual model in the context of mobile application (App) information authorization. The study finds that before travel, tourists usually underestimate risks related to safety, health and time but overestimate risks related to transportation, route selection and season. Via 2627 Q&As released by tourists before travel and 17,523 travel notes released by tourists after travel, the dynamic change in 20 identified risks before and after travel to Tibet is portrayed with the help of text mining technologies, which can automatically identify risk perception types and sentiment tendencies from massive amounts of textual data. This paper proposes an identification framework for dynamic risk perception with “Questions & Answers (Q&As) + travel notes”, which newly attends to the dynamic nature of risk perception and overcomes the liabilities of traditional data collection methods, such as questionnaires and interviews, which induce high costs in data acquisition, tend to produce small sample sizes and suffer from large sample deviations. Specifically, the type of comparison target appears to affect target risk estimates, whereas attention to personal risk-related behaviors affects personal risk estimates. Finally, moderators that surround the comparison process appear to have different effects. Positive mood affects target risk estimates. Moderators associated with negative affect (negative mood, dysphoria, trait and state anxiety, event severity, and proximity of feedback) and control related moderators (perceived control and prior experience) appear primarily to affect personal risk estimates. A review of moderators of the optimistic bias reveals evidence for both influences. It is unclear, however, whether these moderators affect the bias by influencing people's personal risk estimates or their risk estimates for a target. Researchers have identified numerous personal and situational factors that moderate the extent to which people display the bias. The optimistic bias is defined as judging one's own risk as less than the risk of others.
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